Bey Citadel: A Masterpiece of the Mamluk Era
The Bey Citadel, dating back to the Mamluk period, is located on the same site as the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria. It was built in 882 AH (1477 AD) by Sultan Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Saif Al-Din Qaitbay on the eastern side of Pharos Island in the eastern harbor. It is one of the most important defensive fortresses on the Mediterranean coast, constructed to repel enemy attacks. A mosque was also established within the citadel.
Historical Significance and Architecture
The citadel remained active through the Mamluk period, the Ottoman era, and into modern times. It covers an area of 17,750 square meters. After the British occupation in 1882, the citadel fell into neglect until it was restored by the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Construction began in Rabi‘ al-Awwal 882 AH and finished in Sha‘ban 884 AH. Sultan Qaitbay personally traveled to inaugurate the fortress, equipping it with strong soldiers and various weapons.
Defensive Structures
The fortress is surrounded by inner and outer walls made of massive stones. The outer wall is 2 meters thick and rises 8 meters high. The northern wall, facing the sea, features a large corridor with four square rooms at its lower section, each equipped with openings for cannons. The inner walls stand approximately five to ten meters inside the outer walls, enclosing the courtyard on three sides. These inner walls contain several rooms used for soldiers as well as weapons and food storage.
Main Tower and Mosque
The main tower of the citadel is located on the northeastern side of the courtyard. It is a massive square building measuring 30 meters on each side and 7 meters tall. Its four corners feature rounded towers with platforms and openings for dropping arrows. The tower has three floors: the mosque occupies most of the first floor, the second floor serves as storage for weapons and ammunition, and the top floor is a large hall reserved for Sultan Qaitbay.
Modern Use
Perched at the edge of the Mediterranean, this iconic fortress in Alexandria is one of the most impressive historical landmarks along Egypt’s northern coast. Built in the 15th century by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qaitbay, the massive structure was strategically positioned to defend the city from naval threats, particularly from the expanding Ottoman Empire. What makes this site especially significant is its location—it was constructed on the exact ruins of the famed Lighthouse of Alexandria, once considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This connection to ancient history adds a deep layer of cultural and architectural importance.
The fortress features robust stone walls, rounded towers, and elegant archways that reflect Mamluk-era craftsmanship. Visitors today can explore its many rooms, passages, and open courtyards, each echoing tales of centuries-old maritime defense. The structure not only served military purposes but also functioned as a lookout point and a garrison for soldiers. Over the years, it witnessed countless historical events, including foreign invasions and natural disasters.
Inside, there’s a small museum displaying naval artifacts, ancient weapons, and informative exhibits about Alexandria’s maritime heritage. From the rooftop, breathtaking views unfold—offering a sweeping panorama of the sea and the city skyline. The location is also a popular spot for photography, especially at sunset when golden hues reflect off the waves.
Carefully restored multiple times, this coastal stronghold stands as a testament to Egypt’s enduring resilience and architectural ingenuity. It attracts thousands of visitors each year, all eager to step into the past and learn about Alexandria’s role in protecting its shores. Whether you’re a history lover or simply looking for scenic beauty, this remarkable landmark provides an unforgettable glimpse into the legacy of one of the world’s oldest port cities.
Today, the Citadel serves not only as a historical monument but also as a symbol of national pride. Visitors can wander through its maze-like corridors, climb spiral staircases, and explore various chambers that once housed soldiers and cannons. Inside, the small maritime museum features artifacts that highlight Alexandria’s naval past. The fortress has withstood centuries of natural erosion and conflict, including damage from the British bombardment in 1882, but it has been carefully restored and preserved.
A visit to the Citadel of Qaitbay offers a glimpse into Egypt’s military history, architectural brilliance, and the enduring legacy of its ancient cities. It remains one of the top attractions in Alexandria, captivating history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.
Recently, Qaitbay Citadel has been selected as a tourist attraction and was a venue for the 2023 Basketball World Cup. Its historical importance and impressive architecture make it a vital cultural heritage site and a popular destination in Alexandria.