The Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa: A Masterpiece of Islamic Architecture
The Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa, a prominent landmark in Cairo, is located at the Citadel Square, directly opposite the Al-Rifai Mosque. This monumental structure, often called the “Pyramid of Islamic Architecture,” is considered one of the most impressive architectural wonders in the world. While pharaonic Egypt is famous for its three pyramids, the Sultan Hassan Mosque represents Islamic Egypt in all its grandeur. Founded by Sultan Al-Nasir Hassan Ibn Muhammad Ibn Mansur Qalawun between 757 and 764 AH (1356 to 1363 AD), this mosque serves both as a place of worship and a school.
Historical Background and Architecture
The mosque’s construction was overseen by Muhammad al-Muhaisni, a leading chief engineer of his time. Dating back to the Mamluk period, the mosque’s design combines grandeur, beauty, and rich decorative diversity. The north façade, serving as the main façade, impressively stretches 145 meters in length and 38 meters in height. It features exquisite stone and marble decorations and is topped with six rows of marble resembling honeycombs. The entrance to the mosque and madrasa lies within this façade, crowned by a semi-dome adorned with a stunning cluster of muqarnas (stalactite-like ornamentation).
Minarets and Courtyard
The eastern façade of the mosque features two minarets. The southern minaret, the older of the two, rises to 81.5 meters and was built in the characteristic style of Mamluk minarets.
The mosque itself covers an area of 7,906 square meters and is constructed of massive stone. It includes an open central courtyard with a central ablution basin, surrounded by four iwans (rectangular vaulted halls). Each corner of the mosque contains a madrasa dedicated to teaching one of the four Sunni Islamic legal schools. Access to these madrasas is through doors located in the corners of the iwans. Each madrasa includes an open courtyard with a washing basin and three floors, serving as accommodation for students.
The Qibla Iwan
The Qibla Iwan is the largest of the iwans, topped by a magnificent Qibla dome. This iwan houses numerous masterpieces of Islamic art. The walls are clad with marble and colored stones, above which is a rare band of plasterwork featuring Kufic inscriptions. These inscriptions contain Quranic verses decorated with multicolored marble and gilded details. The niche (mihrab) of the Qibla Iwan is considered one of the most beautiful in all of Egypt. Sultan Hassan adorned the mosque with hundreds of glass lamps, of which only 34 survive today.
A Place of Prayer and Learning
The Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa is not only a place of worship but also a significant cultural and historical monument. It showcases the impressive scale and beauty of Islamic architecture and serves as an important educational institution. This mosque, resembling a mountain carved from stone, is the most important and renowned religious school in Egypt. Its combination of a prayer space and educational center makes it a unique example of Islamic architectural and cultural heritage.
Significance for Modern Egypt
Today, the Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa attracts numerous visitors from around the world who admire the intricate decorations, impressive architecture, and historical importance of this monument. It stands as a symbol of Egypt’s rich cultural and religious history and embodies the legacy of the Mamluk era in a way that fascinates both locals and tourists. The mosque remains a living testament to Islamic architectural mastery and a proud heritage of Islamic Egypt.
Conclusion
The Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa is a true gem of Islamic architecture and an unforgettable part of Egypt’s history. Its imposing design and elaborate decorations make it a must-visit for anyone exploring Cairo.